He didn’t attend yeshiva, but he was religious, a Hasid, he went to the synagogue every day.
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Displaying 48841 - 48870 of 50826 results
Golda Salamon
He was a farmer, they had a good piece of land after [behind] the house, its cultivation was their main occupation, and they kept cows and poultry.
Alice Kosa
At the beginning everybody fled, only a few persons left, a few women, then they were coming back. But when Russians came in, and Romanians came in, they left, they were afraid. Because they were rounding up [Hungarian]men, and they took them near Brasso, there was a place where they gathered women, men, and took them to Russia. Most of them died, mainly men.
,
During WW2
See text in interview
He left for the second time in September 1944, he enrolled in the Hungarian army again. He liked very much to put on his second lieutenant dress, because it suited him well. But this time it was me who sent him. Because I was afraid that Romanians would qualify him as a ‘fascist’, because he reported voluntarily [in 1943, in the Hungarian army].
He felt that he wouldn’t be able to make his living, if he preferred to carry water. His father didn’t want him to become a lawyer, he didn’t want to study medicine, because he had a dread of it, he hated medicine, and he rather accepted to carry pailfuls of water for the tannery.
He reported himself in 1943 for the first time. And I was trembling that I was left alone with the kid in this fascist world, and he left on the front-line. But luckily I could mend invisibly. Let’s say he was honest in this matter, he couldn’t help it that he fell in love, but he didn’t want to leave me anyway. That’s how I interpreted his first leave. As if he wanted to leave, they would have separated a Hungarian man from a wife of Jewish origin within twenty-four hours, most willingly.
I don’t know if I still have the letter he wrote me from there, that I was the only one whom he could always trust. And I kept that letter. I praise myself again, but I was so firm, it was me who ruled everything in our life, his father gave us only the first, to open a shop, after that everything, everything... believe me, the family life rested upon my shoulders.
I don’t know if I still have the letter he wrote me from there, that I was the only one whom he could always trust. And I kept that letter. I praise myself again, but I was so firm, it was me who ruled everything in our life, his father gave us only the first, to open a shop, after that everything, everything... believe me, the family life rested upon my shoulders.
I heard these things, his women colleagues told me what mister Kosa was doing, and I thought I would go and see what he was doing. I stood at the gate of the reformed church, and [I thought I would]watch him. And I see that one of them comes out, then the other one.
And as they arrived next to me, my husband didn’t even stop, he walked further, and I grabbed Ilonka, and I said: ‘Now we go and ask mister Kosa, which one of us he wants. Because I would leave, but I have to find this out.’ That’s how it happened. Because he walked away, but he didn’t leave completely. We went to the park, and I asked: ‘Do you love Ilonka?’
He says: ‘I do.’ ‘So, you don’t love me.’ ‘It’s not true, I love you too.’ I say: ‘It won’t work, both of us. It’s not good either for Ilonka, either for me.’ ‘Well, alright then, we’ll see.’ He says: ‘I’ll come back in a minute.’ He leaves. I don’t know how long it takes, one hour maybe, he comes back, he says: ‘I settled this.’ He enrolled as a volunteer soldier.
And as they arrived next to me, my husband didn’t even stop, he walked further, and I grabbed Ilonka, and I said: ‘Now we go and ask mister Kosa, which one of us he wants. Because I would leave, but I have to find this out.’ That’s how it happened. Because he walked away, but he didn’t leave completely. We went to the park, and I asked: ‘Do you love Ilonka?’
He says: ‘I do.’ ‘So, you don’t love me.’ ‘It’s not true, I love you too.’ I say: ‘It won’t work, both of us. It’s not good either for Ilonka, either for me.’ ‘Well, alright then, we’ll see.’ He says: ‘I’ll come back in a minute.’ He leaves. I don’t know how long it takes, one hour maybe, he comes back, he says: ‘I settled this.’ He enrolled as a volunteer soldier.
Once I wanted to bring a little food to my grandmother, while she was here in Sepsiszentgyorgy. I agreed with a Christian acquaintance, Ilonka Bogdan, whose husband was Jewish, that we would try to send there packages.
Ilonka’s husband was doing work service somewhere; when here they gathered the Jews, she wanted [to bring food]to her mother-in-law, she was an elder woman. I don’t know anymore what I cooked, something with honey to make it nutritious, that’s what I packed and wanted to bring there. There was a second lieutenant in the yard, because five-six-seven-years-old children were out in the yard and playing.
I said let’s try and ask [the lieutenant]to let us give it. He took the packages, and said he would give them to the children. Indeed, he opened the packages right there, and shared them out among the children. We were glad of that too, but however, we both would have liked that the person received it [to whom we brought it].
Especially me, well, should my eighty-nine years old grandmother die of hunger? They were in Sepsiszentgyorgy for a very short time, I couldn’t tell precisely, one week or two weeks, then they took them away, we heard that they took them to Szaszregen, then to Germany [first to Auschwitz], and I never saw my grandmother again.
Ilonka’s husband was doing work service somewhere; when here they gathered the Jews, she wanted [to bring food]to her mother-in-law, she was an elder woman. I don’t know anymore what I cooked, something with honey to make it nutritious, that’s what I packed and wanted to bring there. There was a second lieutenant in the yard, because five-six-seven-years-old children were out in the yard and playing.
I said let’s try and ask [the lieutenant]to let us give it. He took the packages, and said he would give them to the children. Indeed, he opened the packages right there, and shared them out among the children. We were glad of that too, but however, we both would have liked that the person received it [to whom we brought it].
Especially me, well, should my eighty-nine years old grandmother die of hunger? They were in Sepsiszentgyorgy for a very short time, I couldn’t tell precisely, one week or two weeks, then they took them away, we heard that they took them to Szaszregen, then to Germany [first to Auschwitz], and I never saw my grandmother again.
When they gathered the Jews in the town, my poor grandmother was eighty-nine years old, and she had to go [to the concentration camp]. Where the tuberculosis section of the clinic was in Ceausescu’s time – I don’t know what is there now –, they rounded up Jews there.
One day Jewish men were taken to the field to work. And they shouted aloud: ‘In front the Gypsies, Jews only after them!’ And well, there were tradesmen [among those Jews], and even if he was a craftsman, he was a better one, the Jewry of Sepsiszentgyorgy was quite wealthy.
Next to me was staying the first-degree cousin of Jeno, and a well-known farmer. The husband of Jeno’s cousin was a very good upholsterer, they were well-off, they were reformed, but they had many Jewish clients too.
He knew well these Jewish men who were taken, and he saw how they carried their food, and he felt sorry for them, and he said there, staying in the back: ‘Poor Jews!’ Oh, hearing this was enough for that 180 cm tall farmer: ‘What did you say! Watch out, I don’t want to hear that once again, ‘cause you might get there as well!’ There were such times. They changed so fast, before this fascist era it didn’t occur to them to be anti-Semitic.
Everybody changed, lop and top! There were very few exceptions. There were, but just a few. A great education was needed for that. But they could convince people even with a great education. But what could they use to convince people, so that they wanted to kill every Jew, until the last one!?
Next to me was staying the first-degree cousin of Jeno, and a well-known farmer. The husband of Jeno’s cousin was a very good upholsterer, they were well-off, they were reformed, but they had many Jewish clients too.
He knew well these Jewish men who were taken, and he saw how they carried their food, and he felt sorry for them, and he said there, staying in the back: ‘Poor Jews!’ Oh, hearing this was enough for that 180 cm tall farmer: ‘What did you say! Watch out, I don’t want to hear that once again, ‘cause you might get there as well!’ There were such times. They changed so fast, before this fascist era it didn’t occur to them to be anti-Semitic.
Everybody changed, lop and top! There were very few exceptions. There were, but just a few. A great education was needed for that. But they could convince people even with a great education. But what could they use to convince people, so that they wanted to kill every Jew, until the last one!?
Those were terrible times. Terrible. How can people change! I was living here, in Sepsiszentgyorgy too, from the age of three! And there were some among my former schoolmates, who pretended not to see me, in order to avoid that I talked to them on the street, that I compromised them by talking [to them].
There were such people. There were persons who had asked me this and that in the school, then this world came, and I saw she was pretending that she didn’t see me.
There were such people. There were persons who had asked me this and that in the school, then this world came, and I saw she was pretending that she didn’t see me.
They accepted it in Horthy’s time [11], but after Horthy Szalasi [12] came. Now, Szalasi wouldn’t have accepted anything, because he recruited even fifteen, sixteen, eighteen-years-old kids, and they shot Jews into the Danube [13]. Well, they escorted even the world-champion fencer to the Danube, and shot him into it, because he was a Jew.
They accepted this [conversion] paper, because the law said that for those who lived in a mixed marriage, and the Jewish spouse converted, they [the anti-Jewish laws] [10] didn’t apply to.
Well, I set down and learnt how to mend stockings.
I could do it so rapidly, almost like the machine. [Editor’s note: Stockings could be repaired not only with a needle, but also with a mechanic invisible mending machine.] My hands got so used to it.
Thus I earned more than my husband, because stockings were a problem, it wasn’t that simple that I go to the shop [and buy]. Sometimes you could find, sometimes you couldn’t. I had a lot of work, I always went to bed at half past one in the night. Because during the day I had to cook, I had to do cleaning. And I had three rooms, I let out one, I was mending, we felt want for nothing.
I could do it so rapidly, almost like the machine. [Editor’s note: Stockings could be repaired not only with a needle, but also with a mechanic invisible mending machine.] My hands got so used to it.
Thus I earned more than my husband, because stockings were a problem, it wasn’t that simple that I go to the shop [and buy]. Sometimes you could find, sometimes you couldn’t. I had a lot of work, I always went to bed at half past one in the night. Because during the day I had to cook, I had to do cleaning. And I had three rooms, I let out one, I was mending, we felt want for nothing.
In Sepsiszentgyorgy we lived in the Kozfurdo street – it [the house] is still there –, because Romanians left, and we rented a nice, one-storied apartment – it used to be nice at least –, surrounded by a garden, and a large field in front. It had three rooms, kitchen and bathroom.
I always sympathized with Hungarians, my society consisted of Hungarians, and I support Hungarians even today, in all matters. Jews had many good deeds for Hungary. Because they [Hungarians]didn’t have any industry, anything. In Pest there were German newspapers, German theatre, not to talk about Jews only.
Because Swabians came in, and a part of Buda, and a part of Pest was definitely Swabian. That’s why there are so many Hungarians with German names. And Kolozsvar was more Hungarian, much more Hungarian [than Budapest].
There was the [Hungarian] theatre, there were [Hungarian]newspapers, and later Budapest had two. And during the Hungarian era many people turned back suddenly [into Germans], from 1940.
They didn’t speak German anymore, because they were second or third degree descendants, but because Germany was so triumphal, that it crushed countries within days time, many among Swabians, mainly young people, ‘Heil Hitler’, they learnt that at once.
Because Swabians came in, and a part of Buda, and a part of Pest was definitely Swabian. That’s why there are so many Hungarians with German names. And Kolozsvar was more Hungarian, much more Hungarian [than Budapest].
There was the [Hungarian] theatre, there were [Hungarian]newspapers, and later Budapest had two. And during the Hungarian era many people turned back suddenly [into Germans], from 1940.
They didn’t speak German anymore, because they were second or third degree descendants, but because Germany was so triumphal, that it crushed countries within days time, many among Swabians, mainly young people, ‘Heil Hitler’, they learnt that at once.
For example there was a grocery called Barabas & Sipos, in 1940 Sipos became noble judge, and Barabas became deputy county head. And my husband got a job through them. He was a clerk in the deputy county head’s office, in the noble judge’s office.
Of course they didn’t put him in a high position, but in a less significant one. I know that his salary was hundred and fifty pengo. Well, we brought some lei with us [from Brasso, which still belonged to Romania]– half of it was gone later, because they stole it –, and we brought with us everything from the grocery, all the spices left.
Of course they didn’t put him in a high position, but in a less significant one. I know that his salary was hundred and fifty pengo. Well, we brought some lei with us [from Brasso, which still belonged to Romania]– half of it was gone later, because they stole it –, and we brought with us everything from the grocery, all the spices left.
We lived there [in Brasso]only for two years, and in 1940 we came back to Sepsiszentgyorgy. My husband, since they had a shop with his brother for a short time, knew the tradesmen.
During the Romanian rule the Hungarian gentlemen had shops. In the Romanian era they didn’t have employments, because they considered themselves gentries, and they didn’t want to become unimportant clerks, they rather opened shops. So, when in 1940 the Hungarian era begun [8][9], they all became noble judges, main county heads and deputy county heads.
During the Romanian rule the Hungarian gentlemen had shops. In the Romanian era they didn’t have employments, because they considered themselves gentries, and they didn’t want to become unimportant clerks, they rather opened shops. So, when in 1940 the Hungarian era begun [8][9], they all became noble judges, main county heads and deputy county heads.
‘Please do convert.’ I say: ‘Alright, you know this better.’ He says: ‘You need to do nothing, you don’t even have to come, I will issue it and have it signed…’ that I requested officially to quit my religion and to take on the reformed religion. He resolved it indeed, he brought it to me and said: ‘You ought to go to the priest from Malnas and report him as well.’
The grandfather of Laszlo Tokes, the bishop was the priest in Malnas. But he was higher, his rank was one level up to a priest. So I went to Malnas, and I told him how things had happened, he said alright, he acknowledged it [the certificate], but I should be attending [lessons of religion], to learn the laws [of the Church], to learn the catechism. [Editor’s note: The Heidelberg Catechism is the reformed creed in the form of questions followed by answers.]
Well I didn’t go, I would have had to travel a lot. I said alright. He recognized it, I had an official certificate that I was converted, that was it. I didn’t care [about attending lessons of religion], I didn’t go. But I had no idea how fascism would be, if the Iron Guard prevailed in Romania.
The grandfather of Laszlo Tokes, the bishop was the priest in Malnas. But he was higher, his rank was one level up to a priest. So I went to Malnas, and I told him how things had happened, he said alright, he acknowledged it [the certificate], but I should be attending [lessons of religion], to learn the laws [of the Church], to learn the catechism. [Editor’s note: The Heidelberg Catechism is the reformed creed in the form of questions followed by answers.]
Well I didn’t go, I would have had to travel a lot. I said alright. He recognized it, I had an official certificate that I was converted, that was it. I didn’t care [about attending lessons of religion], I didn’t go. But I had no idea how fascism would be, if the Iron Guard prevailed in Romania.
It occurred then that the Iron Guard came. In 1938 we had a very well going shop in Bikszad. In 1938 one could feel the presence of the Iron Guard in Romania. They were everywhere, they set foot in everywhere. The Iron Guard started to rule, and one could hear many rumors about Hitler’s deeds. Formerly Austria, Hungary was one. But in 1919 they parted, Austria became independent. And it wanted to stay independent, but Hitler wanted to annex it to himself [to Germany].
This was called Anschluss. We heard about Hitler everywhere, he marched in here, he marched in there, one heard something each day. And people liked us, we were very honest, not like most of the merchants. And the actuary liked us as well, though he was Romanian. And once he came to the shop, and told me: ‘Madam, the Iron Guard will take the power, you should convert, you should quit [the Jewish religion], because Jews will have a hard life.
This was called Anschluss. We heard about Hitler everywhere, he marched in here, he marched in there, one heard something each day. And people liked us, we were very honest, not like most of the merchants. And the actuary liked us as well, though he was Romanian. And once he came to the shop, and told me: ‘Madam, the Iron Guard will take the power, you should convert, you should quit [the Jewish religion], because Jews will have a hard life.
I even prepared kneydl, which had to be put in the meat soup. Why shouldn’t I prepare it? It’s good. And my husband liked it too. But I didn’t observe [Pesach]in a religious way, no. Well, I bought the matzah, I prepared kneydl, but not because it was holiday. The next day I would eat a different soup, a pasta soup. This is Passover, that’s what I kept [from the tradition], but it’s not observing.
At Passover I bought the matzah, my husband and Alpar, my son liked it as well. But it [Pesach] didn’t mean for me what it meant for grandma, who had her own separate [Pesach] dishes, she used those only during those eight days, then she didn’t use them during the rest of the year. Not like this, but I bought the matzah.
Well, I didn’t convert, I kept my religion, and I went there with Alpar – my son was two years old –, I observed these two days. In order to fast, I didn’t need to go to Nagyborosnyo to observe that, I could fast at home too, I mean at Yom Kippur.
Jews came to Nagyborosnyo from other villages too, from Rety as well, because there was only this room, arranged like a synagogue [prayer house], only for this two-days holiday [Chanukkah], and for the day when they fast, on Yom Kippur, it was occupied only for these three days.
They put in benches, chairs, where people would sit down. In one part only women, in the other men. I don’t know whether it was separated with a curtain, I don’t remember. And the distillery owner was religious, he was from the surroundings of Zilah, he could pray very well, and he knew the religion very well. And he led the service, and my aunt, aunt Gizella, who adopted my sister, told [me]that I was welcome, if I wanted to celebrate the holiday, I could go if I wanted to.
They put in benches, chairs, where people would sit down. In one part only women, in the other men. I don’t know whether it was separated with a curtain, I don’t remember. And the distillery owner was religious, he was from the surroundings of Zilah, he could pray very well, and he knew the religion very well. And he led the service, and my aunt, aunt Gizella, who adopted my sister, told [me]that I was welcome, if I wanted to celebrate the holiday, I could go if I wanted to.
This story of mine doesn’t belong to the religious Jewish stories at all. When I got married, I told my husband that I wouldn’t [quit] my religion. Even if I wasn’t observing it, but I wouldn’t quit it. I don’t believe in that one more, so why should I? At the age of sixteen I was reading Hegel already.
I was already searching for why. So why should I change religion, if I’m doubtful. But however, I wanted to stick [to my religion], I was born in it, my grandmother lived in this, I didn’t want to offend her with things like that. I told my husband: ‘I won’t convert to your religion, but if we will have children, they will be reformed.’ I observed my religion in the sense that for example I observed autumn festivals and Christmas [Chanukkah].
I was already searching for why. So why should I change religion, if I’m doubtful. But however, I wanted to stick [to my religion], I was born in it, my grandmother lived in this, I didn’t want to offend her with things like that. I told my husband: ‘I won’t convert to your religion, but if we will have children, they will be reformed.’ I observed my religion in the sense that for example I observed autumn festivals and Christmas [Chanukkah].
In Sepsiszentgyorgy my husband was solo singer in the choir of the weaving mill – it was a mixed choir –, the conductor of the choir visited us when he wanted to teach a new song, saying ‘Jeno, please sing it for me.
Oh, but my husband was such a shopkeeper, alas!, I didn’t know that until I realized it. Once my husband had to do one-month military service, and it was only then that I found out what kind of merchant he was. He was that kind of shopkeeper, that he ordered the flour, poured it [in the storage vessel], and when it was sold out, he gave a phone call only then to order [more].
When I took over the shop, I was checking that we didn’t have this, we didn’t have that. I realized only then that he thought he should order when he was out of stock. When he came home I told him: ‘What’s this, my dear? You are selling, and you always must have one more portion at hand. In the case of flour, two more sacks of it.’ He wasn’t a good shopkeeper, oh no.
My husband would have been great in one thing: he had a beautiful, marvelous voice, he had an absolute, secure ear for music. This was his only talent, he could have been prominent with that, famous and well-known. If he became a singer, if we lived in Hungary, he would have run rings around all of them [every singer].
When I took over the shop, I was checking that we didn’t have this, we didn’t have that. I realized only then that he thought he should order when he was out of stock. When he came home I told him: ‘What’s this, my dear? You are selling, and you always must have one more portion at hand. In the case of flour, two more sacks of it.’ He wasn’t a good shopkeeper, oh no.
My husband would have been great in one thing: he had a beautiful, marvelous voice, he had an absolute, secure ear for music. This was his only talent, he could have been prominent with that, famous and well-known. If he became a singer, if we lived in Hungary, he would have run rings around all of them [every singer].
What [the grocery]we rented was a good shop, but it was in the Forras street, quite far from our apartment. I could have had a better one – I realized later that the shop I didn’t want to rent would have been better, busier –, but I didn’t rent it, because one had to go down four steps to the shop.
I traveled to Brasso, but they didn’t accept him in the Saxon school, because there was a law, which said that one should attend his own national school, or the state one [6]. Well, they didn’t accept him, so I enrolled him in the reformed primary school.
An acquaintance recommended me the Lutheran priest, that he would receive the child. One had to pay him well, generously. And indeed, I went there, they received me with kindness, they had a son of his age and two elder sons.
But not even after one month I was going there to see if the child had got accustomed to it. I found him in bed. And the wife of the priest says that the child had temperature, and she called for a doctor. ‘Now, I said, I’m packing up and taking him home.’ I felt pity for him, because he was laying alone, nobody watched over him. I paid two thousand lei monthly. But as I said, he was there only for one month, I paid for one month.
An acquaintance recommended me the Lutheran priest, that he would receive the child. One had to pay him well, generously. And indeed, I went there, they received me with kindness, they had a son of his age and two elder sons.
But not even after one month I was going there to see if the child had got accustomed to it. I found him in bed. And the wife of the priest says that the child had temperature, and she called for a doctor. ‘Now, I said, I’m packing up and taking him home.’ I felt pity for him, because he was laying alone, nobody watched over him. I paid two thousand lei monthly. But as I said, he was there only for one month, I paid for one month.
One could have become rich of that. I paid only a rent, the owner lived in Malnas. But the apartment was large, because I even had two rooms I could let out.